Srimad
Bhagavad Gita
English Translation of
Sri Sankaracharya's Sanskrit Commentary
Swami Gambhirananda
भगवद्गीता/ज्ञानकर्मसंन्यासयोगः
चतुर्थोऽध्याय: ज्ञानकर्मसंन्यासयोग
निराशीर्यतचित्तात्मा
त्यक्तसर्वपरिग्रहः ।
शारीरं केवलं कर्म कुर्वन्नाप्नोति किल्बिषम् ॥४-२१॥
यदृच्छालाभसंतुष्टो द्वन्द्वातीतो विमत्सरः ।
समः सिद्धावसिद्धौ च कृत्वापि न निबध्यते ॥४-२२॥
गतसङ्गस्य मुक्तस्य ज्ञानावस्थितचेतसः ।
यज्ञायाचरतः कर्म समग्रं प्रविलीयते ॥४-२३॥
ब्रह्मार्पणं ब्रह्म हविर्ब्रह्माग्नौ ब्रह्मणा हुतम् ।
ब्रह्मैव तेन गन्तव्यं ब्रह्मकर्मसमाधिना ॥४-२४॥
दैवमेवापरे यज्ञं योगिनः पर्युपासते ।
ब्रह्माग्नावपरे यज्ञं यज्ञेनैवोपजुह्वति ॥४-२५॥
श्रोत्रादीनीन्द्रियाण्यन्ये संयमाग्निषु जुह्वति ।
शब्दादीन्विषयानन्य इन्द्रियाग्निषु जुह्वति ॥४-२६॥
सर्वाणीन्द्रियकर्माणि प्राणकर्माणि चापरे ।
आत्मसंयमयोगाग्नौ जुह्वति ज्ञानदीपिते ॥४-२७॥
द्रव्ययज्ञास्तपोयज्ञा योगयज्ञास्तथापरे ।
स्वाध्यायज्ञानयज्ञाश्च यतयः संशितव्रताः ॥४-२८॥
अपाने जुह्वति प्राणं प्राणेऽपानं तथापरे ।
प्राणापानगती रुद्ध्वा प्राणायामपरायणाः ॥४-२९॥
अपरे नियताहाराः प्राणान्प्राणेषु जुह्वति ।
सर्वेऽप्येते यज्ञविदो यज्ञक्षपितकल्मषाः ॥४-३०॥
यज्ञशिष्टामृतभुजो यान्ति ब्रह्म सनातनम् ।
नायं लोकोऽस्त्ययज्ञस्य कुतोऽन्यः कुरुसत्तम ॥४-३१॥
एवं बहुविधा यज्ञा वितता ब्रह्मणो मुखे ।
कर्मजान्विद्धि तान्सर्वानेवं ज्ञात्वा विमोक्ष्यसे ॥४-३२॥
श्रेयान्द्रव्यमयाद्यज्ञाज्ज्ञानयज्ञः परन्तप ।
सर्वं कर्माखिलं पार्थ ज्ञाने परिसमाप्यते ॥४-३३॥
तद्विद्धि प्रणिपातेन परिप्रश्नेन सेवया ।
उपदेक्ष्यन्ति ते ज्ञानं ज्ञानिनस्तत्त्वदर्शिनः ॥४-३४॥
यज्ज्ञात्वा न पुनर्मोहमेवं यास्यसि पाण्डव ।
येन भूतान्यशेषेण द्रक्ष्यस्यात्मन्यथो मयि ॥४-३५॥
शारीरं केवलं कर्म कुर्वन्नाप्नोति किल्बिषम् ॥४-२१॥
यदृच्छालाभसंतुष्टो द्वन्द्वातीतो विमत्सरः ।
समः सिद्धावसिद्धौ च कृत्वापि न निबध्यते ॥४-२२॥
गतसङ्गस्य मुक्तस्य ज्ञानावस्थितचेतसः ।
यज्ञायाचरतः कर्म समग्रं प्रविलीयते ॥४-२३॥
ब्रह्मार्पणं ब्रह्म हविर्ब्रह्माग्नौ ब्रह्मणा हुतम् ।
ब्रह्मैव तेन गन्तव्यं ब्रह्मकर्मसमाधिना ॥४-२४॥
दैवमेवापरे यज्ञं योगिनः पर्युपासते ।
ब्रह्माग्नावपरे यज्ञं यज्ञेनैवोपजुह्वति ॥४-२५॥
श्रोत्रादीनीन्द्रियाण्यन्ये संयमाग्निषु जुह्वति ।
शब्दादीन्विषयानन्य इन्द्रियाग्निषु जुह्वति ॥४-२६॥
सर्वाणीन्द्रियकर्माणि प्राणकर्माणि चापरे ।
आत्मसंयमयोगाग्नौ जुह्वति ज्ञानदीपिते ॥४-२७॥
द्रव्ययज्ञास्तपोयज्ञा योगयज्ञास्तथापरे ।
स्वाध्यायज्ञानयज्ञाश्च यतयः संशितव्रताः ॥४-२८॥
अपाने जुह्वति प्राणं प्राणेऽपानं तथापरे ।
प्राणापानगती रुद्ध्वा प्राणायामपरायणाः ॥४-२९॥
अपरे नियताहाराः प्राणान्प्राणेषु जुह्वति ।
सर्वेऽप्येते यज्ञविदो यज्ञक्षपितकल्मषाः ॥४-३०॥
यज्ञशिष्टामृतभुजो यान्ति ब्रह्म सनातनम् ।
नायं लोकोऽस्त्ययज्ञस्य कुतोऽन्यः कुरुसत्तम ॥४-३१॥
एवं बहुविधा यज्ञा वितता ब्रह्मणो मुखे ।
कर्मजान्विद्धि तान्सर्वानेवं ज्ञात्वा विमोक्ष्यसे ॥४-३२॥
श्रेयान्द्रव्यमयाद्यज्ञाज्ज्ञानयज्ञः परन्तप ।
सर्वं कर्माखिलं पार्थ ज्ञाने परिसमाप्यते ॥४-३३॥
तद्विद्धि प्रणिपातेन परिप्रश्नेन सेवया ।
उपदेक्ष्यन्ति ते ज्ञानं ज्ञानिनस्तत्त्वदर्शिनः ॥४-३४॥
यज्ज्ञात्वा न पुनर्मोहमेवं यास्यसि पाण्डव ।
येन भूतान्यशेषेण द्रक्ष्यस्यात्मन्यथो मयि ॥४-३५॥
4.21 One who is without solicitation,
who has the
mind and organs under control, (and) is
totally
without possessions, he incurs no sin
by
performing actions merely for the
(maintenance of
the) body.
4.21 Nirasih, one who is without
solicitation-one
from whom asisah [Asih is a kind of
desire that can
be classed under prayer. (Some
translate it as
desire, hope.-Tr.)], solicitations,
have departed;
yata-citta-atma, who has the mind and
organs
under control-one by whom have been
controlled
(yatau) both the internal organ (citta)
and the
external aggregate of body and organs
(atma);
(and) is tyakta-sarva-parigrahah, [ Parigraha:
receiving, accepting, possessions,
belongings.-
V.S.A] totally without possessions- one
by whom
have been renounced (tyaktah) all
(sarvah)
possessions (parigrahah); na apnoti, he
does not
incur; kilbisam, sin, in the form of
evil as also
rigtheousness-to one aspiring for
Liberation, even
righteousness is surely an evil because
it brings
bondage-; [Here Ast. adds tasmat
tabhyam mukto
bhavati samsarat mukto bhavati
ityarthah,
therefore, he becomes free from both of
them, i.e.
he becomes liberated from
transmigration.-Tr.]
kurvan, by performing; karma, actions;
kevalam,
merely; sariram, for the purpose of
maintaining the
body-without the idea of agenship even
with
regard to these (actions). Further, in
the expression,
'kevalam sariram karma', do the words
sariram
karma mean 'actions done by the body'
or 'actions
merely for the purpose of maintaining
the body?
Again, what does it matter if by (the
words)
sariram karma is meant 'actions done by
the body'
or 'actions merely for the purpose of
maintaning
the body? The answer is: If by sariram
karma is
meant actions done by the body, then it
will
amount to a contradiction
[Contradiction of the
scriptures.] when the Lord says, 'one
does not
incur sin by doing with his body any
action meant
for seen or unseen purposes, even
though it be
prohibited.' Even if the Lord were to
say that 'one
does not incur sin by doing with his
body some
scripturally sanctioned action intended
to secure a
seen or an unseen end', then there
arises the
contingency of His denying something
(some evil)
that has not come into being!
(Further,) from the
specification, sariram karma kurvan (by
doing
actions with the body), and from the
use of the
word kevala (only), it will amount to
saying that
one incurs sin by performing actions,
called
righteous and unrighteous, which can be
accomplished with the mind and speech
and which
come within the purview of injunction
and
prohibition. Even there, the statement
that one
incurs sin by performing enjoined
actions through
the mind and speech will involve a
contradiction;
even in the case of doing what is
prohibited, it will
amount to a mere purposeless
restatement of a
known fact. On the other hand, when the
sense
conveyed by sariram karma is taken as
acctions
merely for the purpose of maintaining
the body,
then the implication will be that he
does not do any
other work as can be accomplished
physically,
orally, or mentally, which are known
from
injunctions and prohibitions (of the
scriptures) and
which have in view seen or unseen results;
while
he appears to people to be working with
those very
body (speech) etc. merely for the
purpose of
maintaining the body, yet he does not
incur sin by
merely making movements of the body
etc.,
because from the use of the word
kevala, (merely)
it follows that he is devoid of the
sense of
agentship implicit in the idea, 'I do.'
Since there is
no possibility of a person who has
reached such a
state incurring evil as suggest by the
word sin,
therefore he does not become subject to
the evil of
transmigration. That is to say, he
certainly becomes
free without any obstacle since he has
all his
actions burnt away by the fire of
wisdom. This
verse is only a reiteration of the
result of full
illumination stated earlier. It becomes
faultless by
accepting the interpretation of sariram
karma thus.
In the case of the monk who has
renounced all
possessions, since owning food etc.
meant for the
bare sustenance of the body is absent,
therefore it
becomes imperative to beg for alms etc.
for the
upkeep of the body. Under this
circumstance, by
way of pointing out the means of
obtaining food
etc. for the maintenance of the body of
a monk as
permitted by the text, 'What comes
unasked for,
without forethought and
spontaneously...'
[Unasked for: what comes before the
monk gets
ready for going out for alms; without
forethought:
alms that are not given with abuses,
and have not
fallen on the ground, but collected
from five or
seven houses without any plan;
spontaneously:
alms brought to one spontaneously by
devoted
people.] (Bo. Sm. 21. 8. 12) etc., the
Lord says:
4.22 Remaining satisfied with what
comes unasked
for, having transcended the dualities,
being free
from spite, and equipoised under
success and
failure, he is not bound even by
performing
actions.
4.22 Yadrccha-labha-santustah,
remaining satisfied
with what comes unasked
for-yadrccha-labha
means coming to possess something
without
having prayed for it; feeling contented
with that-.
Dvandva-atitah,having transcended the
dualitiesone
is said to be beyond dualities when his
mind is
not distressed even when afflicted by
such
opposites as heat and cold, etc.-.
Vimatsarah, being
free from spite, from the idea of
enmity; and
samah, equipoised; siddhau ca asiddhau,
is success
and failure, with regard to things that
come
unasked for-. The monk who is such, who
is
equipoised, not delighted or sorrowful
in getting
or not getting food etc. for the
sustenance of the
body, who sees inaction etc. in action
etc., who is
ever poised in the realization of the
Self as It is,
who, with regard to the activities
accomplished by
the body etc. in the course of going
about for alms
etc. for the bare maintenance of the
body, is ever
clearly conscious of the fact, 'I
certainly do not
anything; the organs act on the objects
of the
organs' (see 5.8; 3.28), he, realizing
the absence of
agentship in the Self, certainly does
not do any
actions like going about for alms etc.
But when,
abserving similarly with common human
behaviour, agentship is attributed to
him by
ordinary poeple, then he (apparently)
becomes an
agent with regard to such actions as
moving about
for alms etc. However, from the
standpoint of his
own realization which has arisen from
the valid
means of knowledge presented in the
scriptures, he
is surely not an agent. He, to whom is
thus
ascribed agentship by others, na
nibadhyate, is not
bound; api, even; krtva, by performing
such
actions as moving about for alms merely
for the
maintenance of the body, because action
which is a
source of bondage has been burnt away
along with
its cause by the fire of wisdom. Thus,
this is only a
restatement of what has been said
earilier. When a
person who has already started works
becomes
endowed with the realization of the
identity of the
Self with the actionless Brahman, then
it follows
that in the case of that man, who has
experienced
the absence of agentship, actions and
purposes in
the Self, actions become relinquished.
But if this
becomes impossible for some reason and
he
continues to be engaged in those
acitons as before,
still he certainly does not do
anything. This
absence of action has been shown in the
verse,
'Having given up attachment to the
results of
action...' (20). Of that very person
with regard to
whom has been shown the absence of
aciton-
4.23 Of the liberated person who has
got rid of
attachment, whose mind is fixed in
Knowledge,
actions undertaken for a sacrifice get
totally
destroyed.
4.23 Muktasya, of the liberated person
who has
become relieved of such bondages as
righteousness
and unrighteousness, etc.; gatasangasya,
who has
got rid of attachment, who has become
detached
from everything;
jnana-avasthita-cetasah, whose
mind is fixed in Knowledge only; his
karma,
actions; acaratah, undertaken; yajnaya,
for a
sacrifice, to accomplish a sacrifice
[A.G. takes yajna
to mean Visnu. So, yajnaya will mean
'for Visnu'.
Sankaracarya also interprets this word
similarly in
3.9.-Tr.]; praviliyate, gets destroyed;
samagram,
totally-saha (together) agrena (with
its
consequence, result). This is the
meaning. For what
reason, again, does an action that is
underway get
destroyed totally without producing its
result?
This is being answered: Because,
4.24 The ladle is Brahman [Some
translate as
'Brahman is the ladle...,' etc.-Tr.],
the oblations is
Brahman, the offering is poured by Brahman
in the
fire of Brahman. Brahman alone is to be
reached by
him who has concentration on Brahman as
the
objective [As an object to be known and
attained.
(Some translate brahma-karma-samadhina
as, 'by
him who sees Brahman in action'.)
4.24 Brahma-arpanam, the ladle is
Brahman: The
knower of Brahman perceives the
instrument with
which he offers oblation in the fire as
Brahman
Itself. He perceives it as not existing
separately
from the Self, as one sees the
non-existence of
silver in nacre. In this sense it is
that Brahman Itself
is the ladle-just as what appears as
silver is only
narcre. (The two words brahma and
arpanam are
not parts of a compound word, samasa.)
The
meaning is that, to a knower of
Brahman, what is
perceived in the world as ladle is
Brahman Itself.
Similarly, brahma-havih, the oblations
is Brahman:
To him, what is seen as oblations is
nothing but
Brahman. In the same way, brahma-agnau,
(-this is
a compound word-) in the fire of
Brahman: The fire
into which oblation is hutam, poured;
brahmana,
by Brahman, by the agent, is Brahman
Itself. The
meaning is that Brahman Itself is the
agent (of the
offering). That he makes the
offering-the act of
offering-, that is also Brahman. And
the result that
is gantavyam, to be reached by him;
that also is
brahma eva, surely Brahman.
Brahma-karmasamadhina,
by him who has concentration on
Brahman as the objective: Brahman
Itself is the
objective (karma); he who has
concentration
(samadhi) on That is
brahma-karma-samdhih. The
goal to be reached by him is Brahman
alone. Thus,
even the action undertaken by one who
desires to
prevent mankind from going astray is in
reality
inaction, for it has been sublated by
the realization
of Brahman. This being so, in the case
of the monk
from whom aciton has dropped off, who
has
renounced all activity, viewing his
Knowledge as a
(kind of) sacrifice, too, becomes all
the more
justifiable from the point of view of
praising full
realization. That is, whatever is well
known as
ladle etc. in the context of a sacrifice,
all that, in the
context of the Self, is Brahman Itself
to one who has
realized the supreme Truth. If not so,
then, since all
in Brahman, it would have been uselesss
to
specifically mention ladle etc. as
Brahman.
Therefore, all actions cease to exist
for the man of
realization who knows that Brahman
Itself is all
this. And this follows also from the
absence (in
him) of the idea of accessories. [See
note on p.211.-
Tr.] For the act called 'sacarifice' is
not seen to exist
without being in association with the
idea of
accessories. All such acts as Agnihotra
etc. are
associated with the ideas of such
accessories as
making an offering etc. to the
particular gods who
are revealed in the scriptures, and
with the idea of
agentship as also desire for results.
But they are not
found bereft of the ideas of such
distinctions as
exist among action, accessories and
results, or
unassociated with the ideas of
agentship hankering
for results. This (apparent) (activity
of the man of
Knowledge), however, stands dissociated
from the
ideas of differences among the
accessories like
ladle etc., actions and results, which
get destroyed
by the Knowledge of Brahman. Hence, it
is inaction
to be sure. And thus has it been shown
in, 'He who
finds inaction in action' (18), 'he
really does not do
anything even though engaged in action'
(20), 'the
organs act on the objects of the
organs' (3.28),
'Remaining absorbed in the Self, the
knower of
Reality should think, "I certainly
do not do
anything"' (5.8), etc. While
pointing out thus, the
Lord demolishes in various places the
ideas of
differences among actions, accessories
and results.
And it is also seen in the case of
rites such as
Agnihotra undertaken for results
(kamya), that the
Agnihotra etc. cease to be (kamya)
rites undertaken
for selfish motives when the desire for
their results
is destroyed. Similarly, it is seen
that actions done
intentionally and unintentionally yeild
different
results. So, here as well, in the case
of one who has
his ideas of distinctions among accessories
like
ladle etc., actions and results
eliminated by the
knowledge of Brahman, even activites
which are
merely external movements amount to
inaction.
Hence it was said, 'gets totally
destroyed.' Here
some say: That which is Brahman is the
ladle etc. It
is surely Brahman Itself which exists
in the five
forms [Asscessories that can be
indicated by the
five grammatical case-ending, viz
Nominative,
Objective, Instrumental, Dative and
Locative. (As
for instance, the sacrificer, oblation,
ladle,
sacrificial fire, and Brahman.-Tr.) of
accessories
such as the ladle etc. and it is Itself
which
undertakes actions. There the ideas of
ladle etc. are
not eradicated, but the idea of Brahman
is
attributed to the ladle etc. as one
does the ideas of
Visnu etc. to images etc., or as one
does the idea of
Brahman ot name etc. Reply: True, this
could have
been so as well if the context were not
meant for
the praise of jnanayajna (Knowledge
considered as
a sacrifice). Here, however, after
presenting full
realization as expressed by the word
jnana-yajna,
and the varieties of rites as referred
to by the word
yajna (sacrifice), Knowledge has been
praised by
the Lord in, 'Jnana-yajna (Knowledge
considered
as a sacrifice) is greater than
sacrifices requiring
materials' (33). And in the present
context, this
statement, 'the ladle is Brahman' etc.,
is capable of
presenting Knowledge as a sacrifice;
otherwise,
since Brahman is everything, it will be
purposeless
to speak specially only of ladle etc.
as Brahman.
But those who maintain that one has to
superimpose the idea of Brahman on the
ladle etc.,
like superimposing the idea of Visnu
and others on
images etc. and of Brahman on name
etc., for them
the knowledge of Brahma stated (in the
verse)
cannot be the intended subject-matter
dealt with
here, because according to them ladle
etc. are the
(primary) objects of knowledge (in the
context of
the present verse). Besides, knowledge
in the form
of superimposition of an idea cannot
lead to
Liberation as its result; and what is
said here is,
'Brahman alone in to be realized by
him'. Also, it is
inconsistent to maintain that the
result of
Liberation can be achieved without full
realization.
And it goes against the context-the
context being of
full realization. This is supported by
the fact that
(the subject of ) full realization is
introduced in the
verse, 'He who finds inaction in
action,' and at the
end (of this chapter) the conclusion
pertains to that
very subject-matter. The chapter comes
to a close
by eulozing full realization itself in,
'Jnana-yajna
(Knowledge considered as a sacrifice)
is greater
than sacrifices requiring materials',
'Achieving
Knowledge, one...attains supreme
Peace,' (39) etc.
That being so, it is unjustifiable to
suddenly say out
of context that one has to superimpose
the idea of
Brahman on the ladle etc. like the
superimposition
of the idea of Visnu on images.
Therefore this verse
bears the meaing just as it has been
already
explained. As to that, after having
presented
Knowledge as a sacrifice, other sacrifices
also are
being mentioned now in, the verses
beginning
with, '(Other yogis undertake)
sacrifice to gods
alone,' etc., for eulogizing that
Knowledge:
4.25 Other yogis undertake sacrifice to
gods alone,
Others offer the Self, as a sacrifice
by the Self itself,
in the fire of Brahman.
4.25 Apare, other; yoginah, yogis,
ritualists; pariupasate,
undertake; yajnam, sacrifice; daivam,
to
gods; eva, alone. A sacrifice by which
the gods are
adored is daiva-yajna; they perform
only that. This
is the meaning. Brahma-agnau, in the
fire of
Brahman: By the word brahman is meant
That
which is referred to in such sentences
as, 'Brahman
is Truth, knowledge and infinite' (Tai.
2.1),
'Knowledge, Bliss, Brahman' (Br.
3.9.28), 'the
Brahman that is immediate and
direct-the self that
is within all' (Br.3.4.1), which is
devoid of all
worldly characteristiscs like hunger
etc. and which
is beyond all particular
qualifications-as stated in,
'Not this, not this' (Br.4.4.22). That
which is
Brahman is the fire. [Brahman is called
fire
because, as reflected in wisdom, It
burns away
everything, i.e. ignorance, or because
everything
merges into It during dissolution
(pralaya).] And it
is spoken of as Brahmagni with a view
to referring
to It as that into which the offering
is made. In that
fire of Brahman, apare, others, other
knowers of
Brahman; upa-juhvati, offer; yajnam,
the Self,
which is referred to by the word yajna
(sacrifice), it,
having, been presented as a synonym of
the Self;-
that Self, which is a sacrifice, which
is reality is
verily the supreme Brahman, which is
associated
with such limiting adjuncts as the
intellect etc.,
which is associated with all the
qualities of the
limiting adjuncts superimposed on it,
and which is
the oblation, (they offer) yajnena, by
the Self itself
as described above. The offering (of
the Self) in that
(Brahman) is nothing but the
realization of that Self
which is assoicated with the limiting
adjuncts to be
the supreme Brahman which is free from
adjuncts.
The monks, steadfast in the realization
of the
identity of Brahman and the Self, make
that
offering. This is the meaning.
Beginning with, 'The
ladle is Brahman' etc., this sacrifice
characterized as
full realization is being included
among such
sacrifices as daiva-yajna etc. with a
view to
eulogizing it in the verses beginning
with, 'O
destroyer of enemies, jnana-yajna is
greater than
the sacrifices involving (sacrificial)
materials'.
4.26 Others offer the organs, viz ear
etc., in the fires
of self-control. Others offer the
objects, viz sound
etc., in the fires of the organs.
4.26 Anye, others, other yogis;
juhvati, offer;
indriyani, the organs; viz srotradini,
car etc.;
samyama-agnisu, in the fires of
self-control. The
plural (in fires) is used because
self-control is
possible in respect of each of the
organs. Selfcontrol
itself is the fire. In that they make
the
offering, i.e. they practise control of
the organs.
anye, others; juhvati, offer; visayan,
the objects;
sabdadin, viz sound etc.; indriyagnisu,
in the fires
of the organs. The organs themselves
are the fires.
They make offerings in those fires with
the organs
of hearing etc. They consider the
perception of
objects not prohibited by the
scriputures to be a
sacrifice.
4.27 Others offer all the activities of
the organs and
the activities of the vital force into
the fire of the
yoga of sel-control which has been lighted
by
Knowledge.
4.27 Further, apare, others; juhvati,
offer, i.e.
merge; sarvani, all; indriya-karmani,
the activities
of the organs; and also the
prana-karmani,
activities of the vital force- prana
means the air in
the body; they offer its activities
such as
contraction, expansion, etc;
atma-samyama yogaagnau,
into the fire of the yoga of
self-control201
withdrawal (samyama) [Samyama consists
of
concentration, meditation, and
Self-absorption. The
idea conveyed by the verse is that by
stopping all
activities, they concentrate the mind
on the Self.]
into the Self (atma) is self-control
(atma-samyama);
that itself is the fire of yoga
(yoga-agni); (they
offer) into that fire; jnana-dipite,
which has been
lighted by Knowledge, made to blaze up
by
discriminating knowledge, as if lighted
up by oil.
4.28 Similarly, others are performers
of sacrifices
through wealth, through austerity,
through yoga,
and through study and knowledge; others
are
ascetics with severe vows.
4.28 Tatha, similarly; apare, others;
are dravyayajnah,
perfomers of sacrifices through
wealththose
sacrificers who spend wealth (dravya)
in
holy places under the idea of
performing sacrifices;
tapo-yajnah, performers of sacrifices
through
austerity, men of austerity, to whom
austerity is a
sacrifice; [This is according to
Ast.-Tr.] yogayajnah,
performers of sacrifice through yoga-those
to
whom the yoga consisting in the control
of the vital
forces, withdrawal of the organs, etc.,
is a sacrifice;
and svadhyaya-jnana-yajnah, performers
of
sacrifices through study and knowledge.
Sacrificers through study are those to
whom the
study of Rg-veda etc. accroding to
rules is a
sacrifice. And sacrificers through
knowledge are
those to whom proper understanding of
the
meaing of the scriptures is a
sacrifice. Others are
yatayah, ascetics, who are deligent;
samsita-vratah,
in following severe vows. Those whose
vows
(vratah) have been fully sharpened
(samsita), made
very rigid, are samsita-vratah. [Six
kinds of
sacrifices have been enumerated in this
verse.]
Further,
4.29 Constantly practising control of
the vital forces
by stopping the movements of the
outgoing and
the incoming breaths, some offer as a
sacrifice the
outgoing breath in the incoming breath;
while still
others, the incoming breath in the
outgoing breath.
4.29 Pranayama-parayanah, constantly
practising
control of the vital forces-i.e. they
practise a form of
pranayama called Kumbhaka (stopping the
breath
either inside or outside) ['Three sorts
of motion of
Pranayama (control of the vital forces)
are, one by
which we draw the breath in, another by
which we
throw it out, and the third action is
when the
breath is held in the lungs or stopped
from
entering the lungs.'-C.W., Vol.I, 1962,
p. 267. Thus,
there are two kinds of
Kumbhaka-internal and
external.]-; prana-apana-gati ruddhva,
by stopping
the movements of the outgoing and the
incoming
breaths-the outgoing of breath
(exhalation)
through the mouth and the nostrils is
the
movement of the Prana; as opposed to
that, the
movement of Apana is the going down (of
breath)
(inhalation); these constitute the
prana-apana-gati,
movements of Prana and Apana; by
stopping
these; some juhvati, offer as a
sacrifice; pranam, the
outgoing breath, which is the function
of Prana;
apane, in the incoming breath, which is
the
function of Apana-i.e. they practised a
form of
pranayama called Puraka ('filling in');
while tatha
apare, still others; offer apanam, the
incoming
breath; prane, in the outgoing breath,
i.e. they
practise a form of pranayama called
Recaka
('emptying out'). [Constantly
practising control of
the vital, forces, they perform
Kumbhaka after
Recaka and Puraka.]
4.30 Others, having their food
regulated, offer the
vital forces in the vital forces. All
of them are
knowers of the sacrifice and have their
sins
destroyed by sacrifice.
4.30 Besides, apare, others;
niyata-aharah, having
their food regulated; juhvati, offer;
pranan, the
vital forces, the different kinds of
vital forces;
pranesu, in the vital forces
themselves. Whichever
function of the vital forces is brought
under
control, in it they offer the other
functions. These
latter become, as it were, merged in
the former.
Sarve api, all; of ete, them; yajna-vidah,
are
knowers of the sacrifice; and
yajna-ksapitakamasah,
have their sins destroyed by the
sacrifices as mentioned above. After
accomplishing
the above-mentioned sacrifices,
4.31 Those who partake of the nectar
left over after
a sacrifice, reach the eternal Brahman.
This world
ceases to exist for one who does not
perform
sacrifices. What to speak of the other
(world), O
best among the Kurus (Arjuna)!
4.31 Yajna-sista-amrta-bhujah, those
who partake
of the nectar left over after a
sacrifice, i.e. those
who, after performing the sacrifices
described
above, eat, during the leisure after
the sacrifice, the
food called nectar, as prescribed by
the injunctions;
yanti, reach; sanatanam brahma, the
eternal
Brahman. For the sake of consistency
(with the
Upanisads) it is understood that if
they (the
sacrificers) are seekers of liberation,
(then they
reach Brahman) in due course of time.
[The
Upanisads describe the different stages
through
which those who do good deeds and
practise
meditation have to pass before reaching
the
qualified Brahman after death. For
liberation there
is need also of purification of the
heart, Thus, they
reach Brahman by stages, and not
immediately
after death. (See Ch. 8.5 and
subsequent portion;
also, Br. 4.3.35 to 4.4.25, etc.)] Even
ayam lokah,
this world, common to all beings; na
asti, ceases to
exist; ayajnasya, for one who does not
perform
sacrifices, for him who does not have
to his credit
even a single one of the above
sacrifices. Kutah
anyah, what to speak of the other world
which can
be achieved through special
disciplines;
kurusattama, O best among the Kurus!
4.32 Thus, various kinds of sacrifices
lie spread at
the mouth of the Vedas. Know them all
to be born
of action. Knowing thus, you will
become
liberated.
4.32 Evam, thus; bahu-vidha yajnah,
various kinds
of sacrifices as described; vitatah, lie
spread;
mukhe, at the mouth, at the door;
brahmanah, of
the Vedas. Those which are known
through the
Vedas- as for instance, 'We offer the
vital force into
speech', etc.-are said to be vitatah,
spread,
elaborated; mukhe, at the mouth;
brahmanah, of
the Vedas. Viddhi, know; tan, them;
sarvan, all; to
be karmajan, born of action,
accoplished through
the activities of body, speech and
mind, but not
born of the Self. For the Self is
actionless. Hence,
jnatva, knowing; evam, thus;
vimoksyase, you will
become liberated from evil. By knowing
thus-
'These are not my actions; I am
actionless and
detached'-You will be freed from
worldly bondage
as a result of this full enlightenment.
This is the
purport. Through the verse beginning
with, 'The
ladle is Brahman' etc., complete
Illumination has
been represented as a sacrifice. And
sacrifices of
various kinds have been taught. With
the help of
[Some translate this as: As compared
with...-Tr.]
those (sacrifices) that are meant for
accomplishing
desireable human ends, Knowledge
(considered as
a sacrifice) is being extolled: How?
4.33 O destroyer of enemies, Knowledge
considered as a sacrifice is greater
than sacrifices
requiring materials. O son of Prtha,
all actions in
their totality culminate in Knowledge.
4.33 O destroyer of enemies,
jnana-yajnah,
Knowledge considered as a sacrifice; is
sreyan,
greater; dravyamayat yajnat, than
sacrifices
requiring materials [Including study of
the Vedas,
etc. also.] For, a sacrifice performed
with materials
is an originator of results, [Worldly
prosperity,
attaining heaven, etc.], but Knowledge
considered
as a sacrifice is not productive of
results. [It only
reveals the state of Liberation that is
an achieved
fact. (According to Advaitism,
Liberation consists
in the removal of ignorance by
Illumination.
Nothing new is produced thereby.-Tr.)].
Hence it is
greater, more praiseworthy. How?
Because,
sarvam, all; karma-akhilam, actions in
their
totality, without exception; O son of
Prtha,
parisamapyate, culminate, get merged
(attain their
consummation); jnane, in Knowledge,
which is a
means to Liberation and is comparable
to 'a flood
all around' (cf.2.46). This is the
idea, which accords
with the Upanisadic text, 'As when the
(face of a
die) bearing the number 4, called Krta,
wins, the
other inferior (numbers on the
die-faces) get
included in it, so whatever good
actions are
performed by beings, all that gets
merged in this
one (Raikva). (So it happens) to anyone
who knows
what he (Raikva) knew' (Ch. 4.1.4). In
that case, by
what means is this highly estimable
Knowledge
acquired? The answer is being given:
4.34 Know that through prostration,
inquiry and
service. The wise ones who have
realized the Truth
will impart the Knowledge to you.
4.34 Viddhi, know; tat, that, the
process by which It
is acquired; by approaching teachers
pranipatena,
through prostration, by lying fully
streched on the
ground with face downward, with
prolonged
salutation; pariprasnena, through
inquiry, as to
how bondage and Liberation come, and
what are
Knowledge and ignorance; and sevaya,
through
the service of the guru. (Know it)
through these
and other (disciplines) [Other
disciplines such as
control of the mind, body, etc.
Sankaracarya's own
words in the Commentary are evamadina,
after
which Ast. puts a full stop, and
agreeing with this,
A.G. says that the word viddhi (know)
is to be
connected with evamadina. Hence this
translation.
Alternatively, those words have to be
taken with
prasrayena. Then the meaning will be,
'Being
pleased with such and other forms of
humility...'-
Tr.]. Being pleased with humility,
jnaninah, the
wise ones, the teachers;
tattva-darsinah, who have
realized the Truth; upadeksyanti, will
impart, will
tell; te, you; jnanam, the Knowledge as
described
above. Although people may be wise,
some of
them are apt to know Truth just as it
is, while
others may not be so. Hence the
qualification, 'who
have realized the Truth'. The
considered view of
the Lord is that Knowledge imparted by
those who
have full enlightenment becomes
effective, not any
other. That being so, the next verse
also becomes
appropriate:
4.35 Knowing which, O Pandava (Arjuna),
you will
not come under delusion again in this
way, and
through which you will see all beings
without
exception in the Self and also in Me.
4.35 Jnatva, knowing; yat, which-by
acquiring
which Knowledge imparted by them; O
Pandava,
na vasyasi, you will not come under;
moham,
delusion; punah, again; evam, in this
way, in the
way you have come under delusion now.
Besides,
yena, through which Knowledge;
draksyasi, you
will see directly; bhutani, all beings;
asesena,
without exception, counting from Brahma
down to
a clump of grass; atmani, in the Self,
in the
innermost Self, thus-'These beings
exist in me' ; and
atha, also; see that these are mayi. in
Me, in
Vasudeva, the supreme Lord. The purport
is, 'You
will realize the identity of the
individual Self and
God, which is well known in the
Upanisads.'
Moreover, the greatness of this
Knowledge is:
Om Tat Sat
(Continued...)
(Continued...)
(My humble salutations to the lotus feet of Bhagawan Sri Krishna
Paramathma ji, Parama Hamsa Parivrajaka Paramacharya Sri Adi Sankara Bhagavad
Pada ji and H H Sri Swamy Gambhirananda
ji for this devotional collection)
(The Blog is reverently for all the seekers of truth,
lovers of wisdom and to share the Hindu Dharma with others on the
spiritual path and also this is purely a non-commercial blog)
शङ्करचार्य अष्टोत्तरसहस्रनामावलिः
अद्वैतेन्दुकलावतम्सरुचिरो विज्ञानगङ्गाधरो हस्ताब्जाधृत दण्ड खण्ड परशू रुद्राक्षभूषोज्वलः . काषायामलकृत्तिवाससुभगः सम्सारमृत्युञ्जयो द्वैताख्योग्रहलाहलाशनपटुः श्रीशङ्करः पातु नः ..
गुरवे सर्वलोकानां भिषजे भवरोगिणाम् . निधये सर्वविद्यानां दक्षिणामूर्तये नमः ..
जयतु जयतु नित्यं शङ्कराचार्यवर्यो जयतु जयतु तस्याद्वैतविद्यानवद्या . जयतु जयतु लोके तच्चरित्रं पवित्रं जयतु जयतु भक्तिस्तत्पदाब्जे जनानाम् ..
ॐ श्री श्रीमत्कैलासनिलयाय नमः . ॐ पार्वतीप्राणवल्लभाय नमः . ॐ ब्रह्मादिसुरसम्पूज्या